Reviews and comparisons
We compare tools by what matters for security and privacy: encryption model, audits, where the servers are, how recovery works and what happens when you want to leave. Where a European provider is a real alternative, we say so.
25 pages
In this section
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1Password review 2026: security, features and price
1Password reviewed: Secret Key security, passkeys, EU account region, recovery rules, export and 2026 prices in euros. Who it suits and the alternatives.
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2FAS Authenticator review: open source, no account
Review of 2FAS Auth, the free open-source authenticator from Poland: encrypted backup, export, browser extension, Apple Watch support, limits and who it suits.
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Aegis Authenticator review: open-source 2FA for Android
Review of Aegis Authenticator: free GPL v3 2FA app for Android with an encrypted vault, automatic backups, export, audit log, limits and who should use it.
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Best authenticator apps in 2026: 2FAS, Aegis, Ente Auth
The best authenticator apps for 2FA codes compared: 2FAS, Aegis and Ente Auth, with encrypted backup, export, open source, platforms and what to avoid.
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Best free password managers in 2026: what you really get
Bitwarden, Proton Pass and KeePassXC offer genuinely usable free password managers, while Dashlane and 1Password no longer do. Limits and trade-offs explained.
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Best hardware security keys 2026: YubiKey, Nitrokey, Token2
The best hardware security keys of 2026 compared: YubiKey 5, Security Key Series, Nitrokey 3, Token2 and Google Titan on passkeys, NFC, firmware and price.
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Best password managers 2026: compared for European users
Seven password managers compared on encryption, audits, passkeys, EU data options, recovery, export and price, with advice on which one fits whom.
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Best password managers for business and teams in 2026
Bitwarden, 1Password, Keeper, NordPass, Dashlane and Proton Pass compared for teams: SSO, SCIM, audit logs, EU hosting, recovery, certificates and per-user price.
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Best password managers for families in 2026
Family plans compared: 1Password, Bitwarden, Proton Pass, NordPass, Dashlane and Keeper. Seats, shared vaults, recovery and price for households in Europe.
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Bitwarden review 2026: open source, EU region, price
Bitwarden reviewed: open source, audits by Cure53 and ETH Zurich, passkeys, EU data region, self-hosting, free plan and prices. Who it suits and alternatives.
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Bitwarden vs 1Password 2026: which should you pick?
Bitwarden vs 1Password compared on encryption, audits, passkeys, EU hosting, recovery, export and price, with a clear guide on who should choose which.
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Dashlane review 2026: security, features and prices
Dashlane in review: zero-knowledge design, Argon2d, passkeys, VPN and dark web monitoring in the box, but no free plan since September 2025 and a higher price.
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Ente Auth review: encrypted 2FA on every platform
Review of Ente Auth: free open-source authenticator with end-to-end encrypted sync on iOS, Android, desktop and web, audits, export, limits and who it suits.
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European password managers: Proton Pass, NordPass and more
Which password managers come from Europe or offer EU data storage? A fair comparison of Proton Pass, NordPass, Bitwarden, 1Password, KeePassXC and others.
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Google Titan Security Key review: simple FIDO2 key
Review of the Google Titan Security Key: USB-A or USB-C with NFC, passkey storage, price, limits and who should pick it over a YubiKey or Nitrokey.
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Identity theft protection services: are they worth it?
Are identity theft protection services worth paying for in Europe? Schufa IdentSafe, Aura and Norton compared with free tools like Have I Been Pwned.
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KeePassXC review 2026: the free offline password manager
KeePassXC in review: free, open source, local-first and audited. Strong encryption and passkey support, but you handle sync, backup and recovery yourself.
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Keeper review 2026: security, features and prices
Keeper in review: record-level AES-256-GCM, a long list of certifications, passkeys and optional EU hosting for organisations, but add-ons raise the price.
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Nitrokey 3 review: open-source security key from Berlin
Our review of the Nitrokey 3: open-source Rust firmware, FIDO2 passkeys, OpenPGP and PIV, NFC and USB-C, plus prices and who should choose it.
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NordPass review 2026: security, features and prices
NordPass in review: XChaCha20 encryption, passkeys, a usable free tier and low multi-year prices, but little choice over where your data is stored.
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Proton Pass review 2026: Swiss password manager tested
Proton Pass reviewed: open source, Cure53 audit, passkeys, email aliases, Swiss hosting, recovery, free plan and 2026 prices in euros. Who it suits and alternatives.
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Proton Pass vs Bitwarden 2026: free tiers, privacy, price
Proton Pass vs Bitwarden compared on encryption, audits, passkeys, server location, recovery, export and price, with advice on who should pick which.
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Token2 security keys review: cheap FIDO2 keys from Geneva
Token2 makes low-priced FIDO2 security keys in Geneva, including PIN+ models with PIN complexity rules. Our review covers range, prices, limits and fit.
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YubiKey 5 review 2026: features, EUCLEAK and prices
YubiKey 5 in review: FIDO2 and passkeys, OTP, PIV and OpenPGP in one key, plus the EUCLEAK firmware issue, prices and who should buy which model.
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YubiKey vs Nitrokey: which security key to buy
YubiKey vs Nitrokey compared: FIDO2 passkeys, OpenPGP, PIV, NFC, open source, firmware updates, origin and price, plus advice on which key fits whom.
Other sections
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Digital identity in Europe
eIDAS 2.0, the EU Digital Identity Wallet, levels of assurance and qualified signatures, explained without the legal fog. What changes for citizens and for businesses.
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Digital ID by country
How online identification works in every EU and EEA country, Switzerland, the UK and Turkey: the national eID, the wallet status, and how to get it.
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Passkeys and login security
Passkeys, two-factor authentication, hardware keys and account recovery, explained step by step. How to make your accounts hard to take over without making them hard to use.
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Identity standards explained
OpenID Connect, OAuth 2.0, SAML, FIDO2/WebAuthn, OpenID4VP and verifiable credentials explained in plain language, with what each one is actually for.
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History of open identity
From OpenID 1.0 and the European OpenID community of 2007 to OpenID Connect and the EU wallet: how the idea of a portable, user-controlled login developed.